Overview of Energy Management and Leakage Control Systems for Smart Water Grids and Digital Water

Current and future smart cities are moving towards the zero-net energy use concept. To this end, the built environment should also be designed for efficient energy use and play a significant role in the production of such energy. At present, this is achieved by focusing on energy demand in buildings and to the renewable trade-off related to smart power grids. However, urban water distribution systems constantly carry an excess of hydraulic energy that can potentially be recovered to produce electricity. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current strategies for energy production by reviewing the state-of-the-art of smart water systems. New technologies (such as cyber-physical systems, digital twins, blockchain) and new methodologies (network dynamics, geometric deep learning) associated with digital water are also discussed. The paper then focuses on modelling the installation of both micro-turbines and pumps as turbines, instead of/together with pressure reduction valves, to further demonstrate the energy-recovery methods which will enable water network partitioning into district metered areas. The associated benefits on leakage control, as a source of energy, and for contributing to overall network resilience are also highlighted. The paper concludes by presenting future research directions. Notably, digital water is proposed as the main research and operational direction for current and future Water Distribution Systems (WDS) and as a holistic, data-centred framework for the operation and management of water networks.</jats:p

A Community-Structure-Based Method for Estimating the Fractal Dimension, and its Application to Water Networks for the Assessment of Vulnerability to Disasters

AbstractMost real-world networks, from the World-Wide-Web to biological systems, are known to have common structural properties. A remarkable point is fractality, which suggests the self-similarity across scales of the network structure of these complex systems. Managing the computational complexity for detecting the self-similarity of big-sized systems represents a crucial problem. In this paper, a novel algorithm for revealing the fractality, that exploits the community structure principle, is proposed and then applied to several water distribution systems (WDSs) of different size, unveiling a self-similar feature of their layouts. A scaling-law relationship, linking the number of clusters necessary for covering the network and their average size is defined, the exponent of which represents the fractal dimension. The self-similarity is then investigated as a proxy of recurrent and specific response to multiple random pipe failures – like during natural disasters – pointing out a specific global vulnerability for each WDS. A novel vulnerability index, called Cut-Vulnerability is introduced as the ratio between the fractal dimension and the average node degree, and its relationships with the number of randomly removed pipes necessary to disconnect the network and with some topological metrics are investigated. The analysis shows the effectiveness of the novel index in describing the global vulnerability of WDSs

Optimal Sensor Placement in a Partitioned Water Distribution Network for the Water Protection from Contamination

Water network protection from accidental and intentional contamination is one of the most critical issues for preserving the citizen health. Recently, some techniques have been proposed in the literature to define the optimal sensor placement. On the other hand, through the definition of permanent DMAs (District Meter Areas), water network partitioning allows significant reduction in the number of exposed users through the full isolation of DMA. In this paper, the optimal sensor placement is coupled with water network partitioning in order to define the best location of isolation valves and control stations, to be closed and installed respectively. The proposed procedure is based on different procedures, and it was tested on a real water network, showing that it is possible both to mitigate the impact of a water contamination and simplify the sensor placement through the water network partitioning

Water Supply Network Partitioning Based on Simultaneous Cost and Energy Optimization

Water Network Partitioning (WNP) improves water network management, simplifying the computation of water budgets and, consequently, allowing the identification and reduction of water loss. It is achieved by inserting flow meters and gate valves in the network, previously clustered in subsystems. The clustering and partitioning phases are carried out with different procedures. The first one requires clustering algorithms that assign network nodes to each district (or cluster). The second one chooses the boundary pipes where flow meters or gate valves are to be inserted. In this paper, SWANP software is employed to achieve a network clustering through two different algorithms based on a multilevel-recursive bisection and community-structure procedures. After that, a novel multi-objective function is introduced and applied to a large Mexican network integrating both cost and energy performance, thus providing a smart Decision Support System (DSS) based on qualitative and quantitative measures, and diagrams for evaluating the optimal layout in terms of the number of districts, cost, and hydraulic performance

Topological Taxonomy of Water Distribution Networks

Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) can be regarded as complex networks and modeled as graphs. In this paper, Complex Network Theory is applied to characterize the behavior of WDNs from a topological point of view, reviewing some basic metrics, exploring their fundamental properties and the relationship between them. The crucial aim is to understand and describe the topology of WDNs and their structural organization to provide a novel tool of analysis which could help to find new solutions to several arduous problems of WDNs. The aim is to understand the role of the topological structure in the WDNs functioning. The methodology is applied to 21 existing networks and 13 literature networks. The comparison highlights some topological peculiarities and the possibility to define a set of best design parameters for ex-novo WDNs that could also be used to build hypothetical benchmark networks retaining the typical structure of real WDNs. Two well-known types of network ((a) square grid; and (b) random graph) are used for comparison, aiming at defining a possible mathematical model for WDNs. Finally, the interplay between topology and some performance requirements of WDNs is discussed

Service Pressure and Energy Consumption Mitigation-Oriented Partitioning of Closed Water Distribution Networks

This paper presents the partitioning of the closed water distribution network (WDN) serving the city of Pavia, Italy. As a thus far poorly explored aspect in the scientific literature, clustering for the definition of size and extension of district metered areas (DMAs) and of inter-DMA boundary pipes is performed by ensuring that the DMAs respect the altimetric areas of the WDN by leaning on a modified formulation of modularity. To define the boundary pipes to be closed or alternatively fitted with a flow meter for the monitoring of DMA consumption, the dividing is performed with an innovative heuristic algorithm. This technique operates by sequentially implementing the boundary closures that do not cause significant head losses, to obtain an approximation of the Pareto front in the trade-off between number of flow meters installed and WDN reliability. In the last part of the work, the pumps present in the network are assumed to be equipped with the variable speed drive, and their hourly settings are optimized to regulate service pressure. Overall, WDN partitioning and pump setting optimization are proven to mitigate the service pressure and energy consumption of the WDN, offering evident and attractive benefits up to about 50% for water utilities

Primi risultati sperimentali sul comportamento meccanico delle malte cementizie con rifiuti di vetro

Il lavoro intende presentare e commentare i primi risultati sperimentali ottenuti nello studio del comportamento meccanico delle malte cementizie confezionate sostituendo il materiale lapideo fine con rottame di vetro. In particolare, sono stati condotti dei test per stimarne la resistenza a compressione e flessione. I risultati sono, almeno in questa prima fase, incoraggianti e suggeriscono di perseguire questa strada. In accordo con la letteratura scientifica di settore infatti, il riutilizzo dei rottami di vetro nella realizzazione delle malte appare essere un sistema sostenibile per lo smaltimento della frazione vetrosa non riciclabile

Primi risultati sul comportamento delle malte con scarti di vetro in ambiente salino

Questo lavoro mostra i primi risultati della sperimentazione condotta per studiare la resistenza meccanica delle malte con scarti di vetro stagionate in ambiente salino. I provini, dopo 8 giorni di stagionatura in acqua dolce, sono stati stagionati per ulteriori 21 giorni: la metà in una soluzione salina al 4% e l’altra metà in acqua dolce. La sperimentazione ha evidenziato, per tutti i mix stagionati in soluzione salina, una riduzione della resistenza meccanica lievemente maggiore rispetto a quella dei provini stagionati in acqua dolce